Turbulence schemes have long been developed and examined for their accuracy and stability in variety of environments. While many flows work with disturbed turbulence intensity, models have rarely been tested to explore whether their accuracy...

Turbulence schemes have long been developed and examined for their accuracy and stability in a variety of environments. While many industrial flows are highly turbulent, models have rarely been tested to explore whether their accuracy withstands...

The study of unsteady turbulent pipe flow is of value in providing information which can lead to an improved understanding of the phenomenon of turbulence. In such flows certain fundamental aspects of turbulent flow are exposed, which although...

The turbulent coherent structure of flow in open channel is a chaotic and stochastic process in nature. The coherence structure of the flow or bursting process consists of a series of eddies with a variety of different length scales and it is very...

Fully developed turbulent flow indeed consists of a hierarchy of eddies or scales of various disorders. Due to the complexity of turbulence, the turbulent flow structure has not been completely understood. Thus, abundant empirical observations have...