Fraud in food industry has been conducted for centuries in the world. Thousands of years ago the earliest attempts was with products such as tea, olive oil and spices. Today a wide variety of foods are subjected to fraud and in most cases...

. A common forward primer based on 5.8s rDNA for all plant frauds such as safflower, corn stigmas, pomegranate, turmeric and capsicum slices was designed then specific reverse primers based on ITS-2 for any frauds have been designed for polymerase...

Abstract As soon as you know the improvement of people life need countries development. But we realized that the process of developing in most of the countries with fraud and corruption which causes a lots of losses and stops the improvement...

the saffron stigma is often mixed with safflower petals. Identification of these frauds with conventional and biochemical methods is difficult with low sensitivity; therefore, the employment of molecular markers such as RAPD/SCAR is being considered as a...

Saffron (Crocus sativus) is the most valuable and indigenous crop in Iran. The stigmas of flower are used as

a popular natural flavouring, colouring and medicinal agent. However, the market suffers from frauds in this...

demanding that auditors should be as an honest

judge. Investors expect the auditors to detect fraud. The auditors although they view their role as

bringing credibility to financial statements, know that because of scope and limitation of their...