We show that a periodic nanostructure patterned into a polymeric or indium tin oxide ~ITO! surface

is capable of aligning liquid crystal ~LC! molecules. Gratings of different depths were created on

thin ...

history is necessary. In this study numerical solution of unsteady governing equations for non-charring material ablation are presented in order to anticipate the recession rate and the heat response of non-charring heat shields....

and interior temperature history is necessary. In this study numerical solution of governing equations for charring material ablation are presented in order to anticipate the recession rate and the heat response of charring heat shields. Thermodynamic...