, four objectives should be optimized where we used the Lp-metric method to aggregate them into a single objective. An integer linear programming model and two metaheuristic algorithms, i.e. memetic and scatter search, have been developed for the studied...

memetic algorithm. We also define the potential objective function (POF) for the nodes. To make the memetic algorithm more efficient, we estimate the variation of the objective function based on POF in the local search as part of an operator in the memetic...